CCD (charge coupled device) and CMOS (Complementary metal oxide semiconductor) are two common image sensor technologies that are widely used in digital cameras, cameras, scanners, mobile phones and other devices. Their working principles, performance characteristics, advantages and application scenarios are different. Here are the main differences between CCD and CMOS and the advantages of each:
1. How it works
CCD (Charge Coupled Device) :
The CCD sensor converts the optical signal into charge through the photoelectric effect, and transmits these charges to the output of the sensor through a special charge transfer mechanism, and then generates an image through the amplification and conversion process.
The CCD sensor transmits the charge signal of each pixel to a common output, and consumes more power when processing the signal.
CMOS (Complementary Metal oxide Semiconductor) :
Each pixel of a CMOS sensor has its own amplifier circuit that converts the light signal directly into a voltage signal, so each pixel can process its own signal independently.
CMOS technology realizes the integration of digital signal processing and image acquisition by integrating multiple circuit elements (such as amplifiers, converters, etc.) in each pixel.

2. Image quality
CCD:
CCD image sensors often provide higher image quality, especially in low-light environments. It can reduce noise better, the image clarity is higher, the color performance is natural.
Due to its simpler structure, CCD sensors generally have a higher dynamic range (able to capture more brightness levels) and therefore perform better in high-contrast scenes.
CMOS:
CMOS sensors in the early days due to technical limitations, the image quality is not as good as CCD, especially in low light environment prone to noise. But with technological advances, modern CMOS sensors have been able to catch up with CCD in image quality and even perform better in some aspects.
The noise control and color performance of CMOS sensors have also been significantly improved, especially in the middle and high end CMOS sensors, the performance has been close to or even beyond the CCD.

3. Power consumption    CCD：
CCD sensors have higher power consumption because the charge of each pixel needs to be transmitted through the "charge coupling" process of the entire sensor, which requires more electrical energy.
Therefore, CCD sensors are often used in applications that require higher image quality and less power consumption, such as high-end photography equipment.
CMOS:
CMOS sensors have lower power consumption because each pixel has its own signal processing circuit, which can operate at lower voltages and does not require charge transfer like CCDS do.
This low-power characteristic makes CMOS sensors ideal for use in portable devices such as smartphones, digital cameras, and surveillance cameras.

4. Speed and frame rate
CCD:
Since the signal transmission and processing mode of CCD is to transmit the signal by pixel and line, its reading speed is slow, especially in applications requiring high frame rates.
CCD generally performs better at low frame rates and is suitable for still image acquisition where high image quality is required.
CMOS:
CMOS sensors are able to process image information at higher speeds because each pixel has an independent circuit for processing, enabling higher frame rates and fast reads.
This feature makes CMOS sensors very suitable for video recording, real-time monitoring and other scenarios that require high-speed response.

5. Cost
CCD:
The manufacturing process of CCD sensor is complicated and the production cost is high.
CCD sensors are generally more expensive due to the need for more sophisticated manufacturing and more complex signal processing circuitry.
CMOS:
The manufacturing process of CMOS sensor is relatively mature and the cost is low.
CMOS chips typically use standard semiconductor manufacturing techniques, which makes it more cost-effective to produce than CCDS.

6. Size and integration
CCD:
CCD sensors are usually larger and less integrated. Each pixel's signal needs to be transmitted and processed through a complex system, resulting in its large size.
CCD sensors are generally more suitable for those applications that require very high image quality but do not require miniaturization.
CMOS:
CMOS sensors can achieve higher integration on smaller chips and support smaller designs.
Because each pixel has its own signal processing circuit, CMOS sensors can achieve a more miniaturized and highly integrated design, suitable for modern portable devices.

7. Anti-noise performance
CCD:
CCD has better anti-noise performance, especially in low light environment, image noise is less. It has natural advantages for image acquisition with high signal-to-noise ratio.
CMOS:
Early CMOS sensors are weak in anti-noise performance, but with the progress of technology, the noise control of modern CMOS sensors has been significantly improved, especially in high-end sensors, the noise level has been reduced to the same as CCD.

8. Application field
CCD:
Due to its excellent image quality and low noise, CCD is widely used in photography, astronomical observation, high-end scanners and cameras.
CMOS:
CMOS sensors are widely used in mobile phones, digital cameras, car cameras, surveillance cameras and other consumer electronics and security equipment because of their low power consumption, high speed, low cost and other advantages.

In SUMMARY:
CCD sensor Advantages:
High image quality, especially in low light environments.
Dynamic range and color reproduction capabilities.
Low noise performance, suitable for still image shooting.
CMOS sensor Advantages:   

Lower power consumption, suitable for mobile and portable devices.
Higher processing speed, support for high frame rate shooting.
Low cost, mature production process, suitable for large-scale applications.